Gratitude, freedom and refusal.

This paper is an exploration of gratitude as a fundamental concept in psychoanalysis. Melanie Klein's classic article "Envy and Gratitude" (1957) named gratitude at one pole on an axis of human suffering and flourishing, but with a few notable exceptions, the article stimulated research into envy. This paper explores the historical and philosophical traditions that have, to some extent unconsciously, influenced our contemporary understandings of gratitude. The paper also works to explore the social and ethical meanings of gratitude as well as gratitude's psychoanalytic significance. The aim is to uncover the overall psychic significance of gratitude and its place in human flourishing.

Engaging with the unknown: How Judaism enabled Freud's psychological discoveries.

A large literature has formed around the question of how Freud's Jewishness and/or Judaism influenced his psychological discoveries and development of psychoanalytic theory and methods. The article organizes the literature into several core theses but brings new clarity and insight by applying two essential criteria to demonstrate an impact of Judaism on Freud's thinking: direct content and historical timing. First, there should be evidence that Freud incorporated actual content from Jewish sources, and second, this incorporation must have occurred during the most crucial period of Freud's early discovery, conceptualization, and development of psychoanalysis, roughly 1893-1910. Thus, for example, Bakan's well-known theory that Freud studied Kabbala is completely negated by the absence of any evidence in the required time period. Part I reviews the literature on the influence of Freud's ethnic/cultural Jewish identity. Part II introduces the Judaic sacred literature, explores Freud's education in Judaism and Hebrew, and presents evidence that Freud had the motive, means, and resources to discover and draw from the "Dream Segment" of the Talmud-along with the traditional Judaic methods and techniques of textual exegesis. Freud then applied these same Judaic word-centered interpretive methods-used for revealing an invisible God-to revealing an invisible Unconscious in four successive books in 1900, 1901, and 1905.

Congresso de Psicanálise da Banana: Evidências Inaugurais da Discriminação na Política Institucional Lacaniana / Banana Psychoanalysis Congress: Inaugural Evidence of Discrimination in Lacanian Institutional Policy / Congreso de Psicoanálisis de Plátano: Evidencias Inaugurales de la Discriminación en la Política Institucional Lacaniana

Abordou-se a chegada do pensamento lacaniano ao Brasil e a sua divulgação no Congresso Psicanalítico da Banana, marco inaugural no qual se encontra uma expressão nacional da reprodução dos impasses político-institucionais nas escolas lacanianas. Procedeu-se a uma busca no sítio da hemeroteca digital da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional utilizando como descritores o nome do evento e/ou o nome de seus organizadores no período de fevereiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1989. Utilizou-se como referência do trabalho a perspectiva da Escola dos Annales,que considera que a escrita histórica deve se orientar por problemas específicos; a consideração da transferência como marca indelével da pesquisa realizada por psicanalistas pesquisadores; as reflexões de Ricouer sobre as etapas da construção do conhecimento historiográfico. As matérias publicadas apresentam de forma recorrente: as celeumas entre os psicanalistas lacanianos e os filiados à IPA; a busca de reconhecimento dos analistas lacanianos brasileiros pelos franceses; a proposta de discussão da conjuntura nacional por meio da psicanálise; a divergência entre analistas lacanianos brasileiros acerca da tutoria francesa nas instituições surgidas no Brasil. Propôs-se a consideração da dimensão transferencial como possibilidade de construção de uma política emancipatória nas instituições psicanalíticas.

This discussion is about the arrival of Lacanian thinking in Brazil and its dissemination at the Banana Psychoanalytic Congress, an inaugural milestone in which a national expression of the reproduction of political-institutional impasses in Lacanian schools can be found. A search was carried out on the website of the digital newspaper library of the National Library Foundation using as descriptors the name of the event and/or the name of its organizers, from February 1980 to December 1989. What was used as a reference for the work was the perspective of the Annales School which considers that historical writing must be guided by specific problems; the consideration of the transference as an indelible mark of research carried out by researchers of the psychoanalytic field; Ricouer's reflections upon the stages of the construction of the historiographical knowledge. The published articles present recurrently: the controversy between Lacanian psychoanalysts and those affiliated with the IPA; the search for recognition of Brazilian Lacanian analysts by the French; the proposal to discuss the national situation through psychoanalysis; the divergence between Brazilian Lacanian analysts about French tutoring in institutions that emerged in Brazil. It was proposed to consider the transferential dimension as a possibility of building an emancipatory policy in psychoanalytic institutions.

Se ha discutido la llegada del pensamiento lacaniano en Brasil y su difusión en el Congreso Psicoanalítico de Plátano, hito inaugural en el que se encuentra una expresión nacional de los impases político-institucionales en las escuelas lacanianas. Se realizó una búsqueda en la hemeroteca digital de la Fundación Biblioteca Nacional utilizando como descriptores el nombre del evento y/o el nombre de sus organizadores, en el período de febrero de 1980 hasta diciembre de 1989. Se utilizó como referente para el trabajo la perspectiva de la Escuela de los Annales, que considera que la escritura histórica debe guiarse por problemas específicos; la consideración de la transferencia como una marca de la investigación realizada por los psicoanalistas; las reflexiones de Ricouer sobre las etapas de la construcción del conocimiento historiográfico. Los artículos publicados presentan de manera recurrente: la controversia entre los lacanianos y los afiliados a la IPA; la búsqueda del reconocimiento de los lacanianos brasileños por parte de los franceses; la propuesta de discutir la situación nacional a través del psicoanálisis; la divergencia entre lacanianos brasileños sobre la tutoría de francés en instituciones surgidas en Brasil. Se propuso considerar la dimensión transferencial como posibilidad de construcción de una política emancipatoria en estas instituciones.

Ferenczi's variations on the death drive.

This theoretical paper discusses three variations on the death drive, developed by Sándor Ferenczi. We present a brief history of the use of the term death drive among the first psychoanalysts and argue that, as early as 1913, the notion is used by Ferenczi and serves as a conceptual background for his thinking. During the 1920s, Ferenczi revisits part of this concept, focusing on what he identifies as a primacy of self-destruction. The destructive drive gains an adaptive character responsible for the mortification of parts of the individual, in exchange for the survival of the whole. In this variation, the tendency to regress also arises as the self-destruction drive and the acceptance of unpleasure involves a psychic "reckoning-machine." In the final variation, left unfinished, the death drive at times receives new names, like drive for "conciliation," and at others, the very idea of the death drive is criticized.

Talcott Parsons on building personality system theory via psychoanalysis.

This article examines Talcott Parsons's efforts at building the theory of personality system as a special case of his general theory of action and places those efforts in historical context. I demonstrate how, during the middle decades of the twentieth century, Parsons employed elements of classic Freudian thought to advance a new appreciation of the personality system and its relations to other action systems. I begin with an overview of the reception of psychoanalysis at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Harvard Department of Social Relations, showing how Parsons's thinking on the personality system cannot be understood apart from his association with these three institutions. I then turn to how Parsons endeavored to integrate his particular brand of sociology with his own interpretation of Freud's writings to explain how the personality system functions and develops. I conclude by showing that while Parsons's involvements with psychoanalysis became more intermittent after the mid-1950s, to the end of his life he remained steadfast in his enthusiasm for Freud's theory of personality. In short, Parsons always believed that for sociological theory to progress, it needed to engage with psychoanalysis.

A neutralidade analítica em questão: um percurso clínico-político / The issue of analytical neutrality: A clinical-political trajectory / La neutralité analytique en question: un parcours clinique-politique / La neutralidad analítica en cuestion: un percurso clínico-político

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar os múltiplos sentidos atribuídos à noção de neutralidade analítica. Tal palavra foi usada pela primeira vez por Strachey na tradução inglesa do texto "Observações sobre o amor transferencial" e emergiu nas discussões clínicas dos pós-freudianos e psicólogos do ego sobre abstinência e contratransferência. Em seguida, uma investigação sobre a história do movimento psicanalítico brasileiro demonstra, mediante notícias e relatos do Caso Amílcar Lobo, candidato a analista envolvido com a tortura política, que a noção de neutralidade foi empregada para ocultar a omissão das instituições nacionais e internacionais frente à violência de Estado durante a ditadura militar. Defendemos a importância de entrelaçar ambas as perspectivas teórica e sociopolítica para considerar a questão da neutralidade com a devida complexidade.

The objective of this article is to examine the multiple meanings attributed to the notion of analytical neutrality. Such a word was used for the first time by Strachey in the English translation of the text "Observations on Transference-Love" and emerged in post-Freudians and Ego psychologists' clinical discussions about abstinence and countertransference. A subsequent investigation into the history of Brazilian's psychoanalytical movement demonstrates, through news items and published reports of the Amílcar Lobo Case, analyst candidate involved with political torture, that the notion of neutrality was employed to conceal the omission of national and international institutions towards State violence during the military dictatorship. We defend the importance of interlacing both theoretical and sociopolitical perspectives to consider the issue of neutrality with appropriate complexity.

L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner les multiples sens attribués à la notion de neutralité analytique. Tel mot a été utilisé par la première fois dans la traduction anglaise faite par Strachey du text "Observations sur l'amour de transfert", et a emergé dans les discussions cliniques sur l'abstinence et le contre-transfert chez les post-freudiens et les psychologues de l'ego. Ensuite, une investigation sur l'histoire du mouvement psychanalytique brésilien démontre, par le biais des nouvelles et récits du Cas Amílcar Lobo, celui-ci candidat à la position de psychanalyste et impliqué dans des cas de torture politique, que la notion de neutralité a été employé pour occulter l'omission des institutions nationaux et internationaux face à la violence de l'État pendant la dictature militaire. On défend l'importance d'entrelacer tous les deux perspectives téoriques et sociopolitiques pour approcher la question de la neutralité politique avec la complexité requise.

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar los múltiples sentidos atribuidos a la noción de neutralidad analítica. Tal palabra fue usada por primera vez por Strachey en la traducción inglesa del texto "Observaciones sobre el amor de trasferencia" y emergió en las discusiones clínicas de los post-freudianos y psicólogos del ego sobre la abstinencia y la contratrasferencia. Una investigación subsiguiente sobre la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico brasileño, mediante los artículos y relatos del caso Amílcar Lobo, analista-candidato enzarzado con la tortura política, que la noción de neutralidad fue empleada para ocultar la omisión de las instituciones nacionales e internacionales frente a la violencia estatal de la dictadura militar. Defendimos la importancia de entrelazar ambas perspectivas teórica y sociopolítica para considerar la cuestión de la neutralidad con la debida complejidad.

Psychoanalysis and academia: the case of Angel Garma and the university of Buenos Aires.

The Spanish psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Ángel Garma-exiled in Argentina after the Spanish Civil War-was one of the founders and the first president of the Argentinian Psychoanalytical Association. Garma unsuccessfully tried to become a university lecturer on three occasions. His final attempt was in 1965, when he applied for a professorship in deep psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature of the University of Buenos Aires. The application he submitted for this professorship position has been located in Ángel Garma's personal archive. The aim of this article is to analyse this manuscript to search for clues about the author's relationship with his own work and to explain the priorities and interests he intended to explore in the university environment. The first part of the article analyses the content of his application for the professorship, contrasting this content with published work and reviewing the fundamental lines of Garma's psychoanalytical thought (child sexuality, psychoanalysis and psychosomatic medicine, the psychoanalytical institution, etc.). The second part suggests the main reasons why Garma failed in his attempts to become a university lecturer.

Sobre a teoria da técnica de Fenichel: uma reflexão ética sobre a prática psicanalítica / On Fenichel's theory of technique: an ethical reflection on the psychoanalytical practice

Desenvolvemos aqui as implicações 'éticas' das concepções de Otto Fenichel (1897-1945) sobre a finalidade prática do conhecimento psicanalítico e sobre a função terapêutica da psicanálise, pois Fenichel elabora uma concepção de prática psicanalítica que vale a pena ser revisitada a partir de um tipo de debate que remete os problemas da prática psicanalítica a uma 'ética psicanalítica'. Para cumprir este objetivo, propomos uma investigação histórica e teórica das concepções de Fenichel a partir de uma leitura estrutural de sua obra, remetendo a arquitetura interna de seus argumentos e conceitos ao conjunto de sua obra e ao contexto de produção dela. Primeiramente, contextualizamos a produção da concepção de Fenichel sobre a prática psicanalítica em meio às disputas institucionais do movimento psicanalítico europeu e estadunidense. Depois, discutimos o projeto de 'psicologia dialético-materialista' de Fenichel para extrair a concepção do autor sobre o conhecimento psicanalítico. Em terceiro lugar, apresentamos como a concepção de Fenichel sobre a finalidade prática do conhecimento psicanalítico serve como condição central de seu entendimento sobre a prática psicanalítica. Finalmente, localizadas as noções de Fenichel sobre a finalidade prática do conhecimento psicanalítico e a função terapêutica da psicanálise, desenvolvemos as implicações éticas da concepção de Fenichel sobre a prática psicanalítica.

This article develops the 'ethical' implications of Otto Fenichel's (1897-1945) views on the practical purposes of psychoanalytic knowledge and the therapeutic function of psychoanalysis since Fenichel elaborates a psychoanalytic practice conception that is worth revisiting from a sort of debate that refers to a 'psychoanalytic ethics' the problems of psychoanalytic practice. To fulfill this goal, what is proposed herein is a historical and theoretical investigation of Fenichel's conceptions from a structural reading of his work, examining the internal architecture of his arguments and concepts in the light of works as a whole and the context of such production. First, context is provided for Fenichel's conception of psychoanalytic practice amidst institutional disputes between the European and American psychoanalytic movements. After that, there is a discussion on Fenichel's 'dialectical-materialist Psychology' project to extract the author's conception of the psychoanalytic knowledge. In a third step, it is presented how Fenichel's conception of psychoanalytic knowledge serves as a central piece of his understanding of psychoanalytic practice. Finally, after locating Fenichel's notions about the practical purposes of psychoanalytic knowledge and the therapeutic function of psychoanalysis, it is developed the ethical implications of Fenichel's conception of psychoanalytic practice.

Theories and practices of psychoanalysis in central Europe immediately after World War II.

Shortly after World War II, psychoanalytic societies in Central Europe were gradually resuming their pre-war activities. Starting in 1945, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland saw the revival of their psychoanalytic circles which subsequently engaged in psychoanalytic knowledge transmission, especially in the face of the Communist state institutions' growing disapproval of psychoanalysis. This article traces the history of the psychoanalytic movement's rebirth in Central Europe. The author discusses the activities of Viennese, Budapestian, Praguian and Varsovian circles post-1945 in order to examine the practices of collective thinking and identify diverse models of the transmission of Freudianism. The attempt to explore the complex mechanisms of psychoanalytic knowledge dissemination in the immediate post-war period, both in its theoretical and practical dimensions, can contribute to a more profound understanding of the history of psychoanalysis in Central Europe after 1945. It also points to the significance of a more inquisitive approach to the internal dynamics of these intellectual circles which were forced to develop outside of state academic institutions due to socio-political reasons.

Ernst Brücke and Sigmund Freud: Physiological roots of psychoanalysis.

Ernst Brücke was one of the most influential figures in Sigmund Freud's life and work. Freud studied under him for around six years during his student years, and he never turned his back on Brücke's fundamental teachings. Brücke was a member of the strictly materialist and reductionist movement called the School of Helmholtz. This article will interpret how this physiological movement influenced Freud's psychoanalysis and how its understanding of science was embedded in Freud's theory. For this purpose, I will focus on the relationship between Brücke and Freud, and then will demonstrate how Brücke's influence appears in Freud's psychoanalytical theory. Despite the common practice of evaluating Project for a Scientific Psychology as the last attempt of Freud's physiological commitment, I will take Freud's ontology and epistemology as a product of his interaction with Ernst Brücke. In this conjunction, I will discuss psychoanalysis's essential physiological and neurological components, such as the conservation of energy, the principle of constancy, the pleasure principle, and dual-aspect monism. For this purpose, I will apply the methodology of Randall Collins, the so-called sociology of philosophy. This method allows us to analyze personal contacts between master and pupil and the results of this interaction. This method will help to demonstrate why Brücke's influence was more prevalent in Freud's psychoanalysis than any other neuroscientific master of Freud.

Adoecimento Mental, Antipsiquiatria e Antidiagnóstico: Notas a Partir de Elso Arruda / Mental Illness, Anti-psychiatry, and Anti-diagnosis: Notes from Elso Arruda / Enfermedad Mental, Antipsiquiatría y Antidiagnóstico: Apuntamientos desde Elso Arruda

A conformação da Psicologia Clínica ocorreu por meio de tensionamentos produzidos por diferentes profissionais, envolvidos nas práxis da clínica psi, no país. Parte desses embates ressaltam a utilização de métodos e técnicas psicológicas, para solução de problemas de ajustamento, no campo Psi - Psiquiatria, Psicologia e Psicanálise. Esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e caracterizar tensionamentos no campo psi referentes à Psicologia Clínica a partir de publicações de um de seus personagens, Elso Arruda. Metodologicamente, essa é uma investigação sociobibliométrica, que se insere na interseção entre a História Social da Psicologia, a História da Psiquiatria e a História da Psicanálise. Para a análise do conteúdo das fontes primárias utilizamos o software Iramuteq. Os resultados sugerem que circularam, entre os saberes psi, discursos pró-reforma psiquiátrica, na década de 1960. As fontes indicam ainda uma mudança da noção de diagnóstico na clínica psi, norteada por uma proposta antipsiquiátrica e antidiagnóstica, bem como o uso da psicologia, da psicanálise e da fenomenologia existencial para compreender o indivíduo.

Clinical psychology's conformation occurred by tensions produced by different professionals involved into the praxis of Psy's clinic, in Brazil. Part of this struggle is related to psychological methods and techniques to solve adjustment problems in the Psy's field - Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychoanalysis. This research aims to identify and characterize those tensions related particularly to Clinical Psychology based on one of its characters, Elso Arruda. Methodologically, this is a socio-bibliometric investigation, which is inserted in the intersection between the Social History of Psychology, the History of Psychiatry and the History of Psychoanalysis. For the content analysis of the primary sources, we used the Iramuteq software. Our results suggest that, among the Psy knowledge in the 1960's, circulated proposals advocating psychiatric reform. Besides, these sources suggest a change in the notion of diagnosis guided by an antipsychiatric and antidiagnostic proposal, as well as the use of psychology, psychoanalysis, and existential phenomenology to understand the subject.

En Brasil, la conformación de la Psicología Clínica se dio a través de tensiones producidas por diferentes profesionales involucrados en la praxis de la clínica psi. Parte de estos enfrentamientos están relacionados con el uso de métodos y técnicas psicológicas para resolver problemas de adaptación en el campo psi - Psiquiatría, Psicología y Psicoanálisis. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar y caracterizar aquellas tensiones relacionadas particularmente con la Psicología Clínica a partir de uno de sus personajes, Elso Arruda. Metodológicamente, esta es una investigación socio-bibliométrica, que se inserta en la intersección entre la Historia Social de la Psicología, la Historia de la Psiquiatría y la Historia del Psicoanálisis. Para el análisis de contenido de las fuentes primarias hemos utilizado el programa informático Iramuteq. Los resultados proponen que circularon discursos a favor de la reforma psiquiátrica dentro de los saberes psi en la década de 1960. Además, las fuentes sugieren un cambio en la noción de diagnóstico en la clínica psi, guiado por una propuesta anti psiquiátrica y anti diagnóstica, así como el uso de la psicología, psicoanálisis y la fenomenología existencial para comprender el sujeto desajustado.

"Reappraising John O. Wisdom's Critique of W.R. Bion's Learning from Experience at a meeting of the British Psychoanalytical Society-17 October 1964."

The paper takes up Wisdom's (1964) little known but significant critique of Bion's book, Learning From Experience. While Wisdom appreciates Bion's clinical and theoretical innovations, he criticised the at times confusing structure of themes that were not sufficiently segregated, the extraneous use of mathematical notation, and the scientific/deductive part of Bion's monograph. In deploying a crucial distinction from Wisdom's critique, one that separates the scientific/deductive aspect of Bion's work from its clinical/inductive trajectory, the author offers an approach to reading Bion's complex text.

Approaches to a contemporary psychoanalytic Field Theory: from Kurt Lewin, Georges Politzer and José Bleger, to Antonino Ferro and Giuseppe Civitarese.

Today in Italy, a group of psychoanalysts works according to Field Theory. In this paper I would like to show that a line of thought from the beginnings of Field Theory in physics, philosophy and psychology leads to the conception of the field of Antonino Ferro and Giuseppe Civitarese. The assumption of a continuous dynamic and a direct relationship between all parts of the field is fundamental for the conception of the analytic field. These parts have a field-dependent identity and are different in sum than when the parts are taken on their own. To trace the evolution of field-theoretical psychoanalysis, I describe the epistemological context in which Kurt Lewin developed Field Theory. I will add selected theoretical elements from works by Georges Politzer and José Bleger.

Psychological reality and psychoanalysis at the Padua Laboratory of Psychology / Realidad psicológica y psicoanálisis en el Laboratorio de Psicología de Padua

Abstract As it spread across Italy, psychoanalysis captured the interest of Italian psychologists, namely Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) and Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, who was trained as an experimental psychologist according to the Gegenstandstheorie School of Graz in 1919, came to Italy and became a full professor of experimental psychology in Padua. He undertook a program of study called "psychological reality" that comprised hypnosuggestion and psychoanalysis. This article shows that Benussi's hypnosuggestion experiments and Musatti's theorization of the reality of fantasy were attempts to upgrade the study of psychological phenomena to the level of physical phenomena in a theoretical context in which psychoanalysis was considered part of a general psychology.

Resumen A medida que se extendía por Italia, el psicoanálisis captó el interés de los psicólogos italianos Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) y Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, se formó como psicólogo experimental según la Escuela Gegenstandstheorie de Graz en 1919, llegó a Italia y se convirtió en profesor titular de psicología experimental en Padua. Realizó un programa de estudio llamado "realidad psicológica" que comprendía hipnosugestión y psicoanálisis. Este artículo muestra que los experimentos de hipnosugestión de Benussi y la teorización de la realidad de la fantasía de Musatti fueron intentos de elevar el estudio de los fenómenos psicológicos al nivel de los fenómenos físicos en un contexto teórico en el que se consideraba el psicoanálisis parte de una psicología general.

Psicoanálisis para el movimiento de Higiene Mental español, 1920–1936 / Psychoanalysis for the Spanish Mental Hygiene movement, 1920–1936

Este artículo analiza el proceso por el que las ideas de Freud se incorporaron a las estrategias de reforma y legitimación científico–social de los psiquiatras españoles ligados al movimiento de Higiene Mental. Teniendo en cuenta aspectos médicos, sociales y profesionales, se investiga la existencia de un circuito de debate y práctica del psicoanálisis que tuvo como objetivo principal la modernización de la psiquiatría. Asimismo, se estudia el papel que las ideas de Freud tuvieron en la intervención sobre la infancia, consolidando un campo de acción en el que, bajo argumentos de higiene mental y defensa social, psiquiatras, educadores, pedagogos y juristas se dieron encuentro. (AU)

This article analyses the process by which Freud's ideas were incorporated into the reform and scientific–social legitimation strategies of the Spanish psychiatrists linked to the Mental Hygiene movement. Taking into account medical, social and professional aspects, it investigates the existence of a circuit of debate and practice of psychoanalysis whose main objective was the modernization of psychiatry. Furthermore, it studies the role that Freud's ideas had on childhood intervention, which consolidated a field of action in which, under arguments of mental hygiene and social defense, psychiatrists, educators, pedagogues and jurists met. (AU)

R. B. Braithwaite's influence on Bion's epistemological contributions.

This paper presents evidence that Bion's epistemological contributions drew on the work of R. B. Braithwaite, a British philosopher of science, more than has generally been acknowledged. Braithwaite introduced the "scientific deductive system", a term Bion adopted. It proposed that empirical scientific methods could be applied to immaterial subjects of study, including "unconscious mental processes" (Braithwaite 1953, ix). Bion's private work journal, collected in Cogitations, documents Braithwaite's direct influence throughout its entries, particularly in one dated 10 January 1959, entitled "Scientific method" (Bion 1959b). This paper reviews relevant elements of Braithwaite's work, and examines Bion's "Scientific method" and samples from his epistemological work to argue that one of Bion's goals was to bring an empirically based scientific model to psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice. More than a matter of academic interest, Braithwaite's work lends pragmatically useful context to understand Bion's theoretical and clinical intentions in greater depth. It also suggests the main reasons why his project did not come fully to fruition, which led Bion to turn from the scientific deductive system towards his later developments.

Drive theory, redux: a history and reconsideration of the drives.

A large and significant portion of contemporary psychoanalytic theory has given up on the drives. The shift toward object relations in the 1940s and 50s, the scepticism about metapsychology in the latter half of the twentieth century, and a general confusion about the coherence of Freud's drive theory have all contributed to their slow decline in prominence. There are legitimate criticisms of the drives that deserve attention but the drives themselves require a careful examination before any successful defence of their place in the metapsychology may be mounted. The current paper provides an account of the drives informed by the intellectual history of German and English thought related to the drives and instincts as they came to Freud. This history allows us to clearly distinguish between "drive" (or Trieb) and its conceptual neighbour "instinct" (or Instinkt).

"Serás-hétero-ou-não-serás": a lesbianidade nas Atas da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Viena / "You-will-be-straight-or-you-will-not-be": the lesbianity in the Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society / "Tú-serás-heterosexual-o-no-serás": la lesbianidad en las Actas de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Viena / « Tu seras hétérosexuel(le) ou tu ne seras pas ¼: la lesbianité dans les Minutes de la Société psychanalytique de Vienne

Este artigo objetiva estudar os discursos dos primeiros psicanalistas sobre a lesbianidade, a partir de uma análise teórico-documental das Atas da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Viena. Investigando a problemática do desejo lésbico, buscamos contribuir com o reconhecimento dos limites e potencialidades das teorias psicanalíticas sobre o sexual. Para tanto, foram examinadas as duas principais hipóteses sobre o desejo lésbico desenvolvidas nas reuniões da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Viena e discutiu-se a origem das relações entre lesbianidade e masculinidade do ponto de vista psicanalítico, assinalando algumas questões que a lesbianidade pode formular sobre as relações entre a psicanálise e o patriarcado.

The present work aims to research the speeches of the first psychoanalysts on lesbianity, through a theoretical and documentary research of the Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Investigating the question of the lesbian desire, the article intends to contribute with the acknowledgment of the limits and potentialities of the psychoanalytic sexual theories. To this end, the two main hypotheses about the lesbian desire developed at the meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society were examined and the origin of the associations between lesbianity and masculinity in the psychoanalytic point of view was discussed, pointing out some questions that lesbianity can formulate about the relations between psychoanalysis and patriarchy.

El presente trabajo objetiva estudiar los discursos de los primeros psicoanalistas sobre la lesbianidad, a través de un análisis teórico y documental de los registros de las Actas de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Viena. Investigando el problema del deseo lesbiano, buscamos contribuir con el reconocimiento de los límites y potencialidades de la teoría sexual. Con este fin, se examinaron las dos principales hipótesis sobre el deseo lesbiano desarrolladas en las reuniones de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Viena y se discutió el origen de las relaciones entre la lesbianidad y la masculinidad desde el punto de vista psicoanalítico, señalando algunas preguntas que la lesbianidad puede formular sobre las relaciones entre el psicoanálisis y el patriarcado.

Cet article étude les discours des premiers psychanalystes sur la lesbianité, à travers d'une analyse théorique et documentaire des Minutes de la Société psychanalytique de Vienne. En enquêtent sur le problème du désir lesbien, ce travail cherche à contribuer à la reconnaissance des limites et des potentialités de la théorie sexuelle. Pour ce faire, on a examiné les deux hypothèses sur le désir lesbien développées lors des réunions de la Société psychanalytique de Vienne et on a discuté sur l'origine des associations entre lesbianité et masculinité du point de vue psychanalytique, soulignant des questions que la lesbianité peut formuler sur les relations entre psychanalyse et patriarcat.

A conquista da formação integrada na SBPSP / The achievement of integrated training in SBPSP / La consecución de una formación integrada en SBPSP / La réalisation de la formation intégrée au SBPSP

Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever o processo que levou à implantação da formação integrada na SBPSP. Para tanto, relata brevemente a história da formação em psicanálise de crianças e adolescentes na instituição, bem como o processo que levou à concepção do modelo aprovado a ser implantado. Um breve relato dos fatores que nortearam a formação integrada no Cocap também está incluído, assim como algumas concepções acerca da integração e o programa de formação. Esperamos que sua leitura esclareça e motive o membro filiado a incluir em suas escolhas seminários concernentes à psicanálise de crianças e adolescentes, uma vez que o estudo da infância e da adolescência faz parte da formação psicanalítica, ampliando a escuta do infantil no adulto, ainda que não se trabalhe diretamente com essa faixa etária.

This article aims to describe the process that led to the implementation of integrated training in SBPSP. To this end, it briefly reports the history of the training in psychoanalysis of children and adolescents in the institution, as well as the process that led to the conception of the approved model. A brief report of the factors that guided integrated training in Cocap is also included, as well as some conceptions about integration and the training program. We hope that this reading will clarify and motivate one to include in one's choices the seminars that concern the psychoanalysis of children and adolescents, since the study of childhood and adolescence is part of the analytical training - and amplifies the psychoanalytical listening to the infantile - even if one does not work directly with this age group.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir el proceso que condujo a la implementación de la capacitación integrada en SBPSP. Para ello, se informa brevemente la trayectoria de la formación en psicoanálisis de la niñez y la adolescencia en la institución, así como el proceso que condujo a la concepción del modelo aprobado a implementar. También se incluye un breve informe de los factores que orientaron la formación integrada en Cocap, así como algunas concepciones sobre la integración y el programa formativo. Esperamos que su lectura aclare y motive al candidato a incluir seminarios sobre el psicoanálisis de niños y adolescentes en sus elecciones, ya que el estudio de la niñez y adolescencia es parte de la formación psicoanalítica, aunque no trabajemos directamente con este grupo, ampliando la escucha del infantil en el adulto.

Cet article vise à décrire le processus qui a conduit à la mise en œuvre de la formation intégrée au SBPSP. A cet effet, il rend brièvement compte de l'histoire de la formation en psychanalyse des enfants et adolescents en institution, ainsi que du processus qui a conduit à la conception du modèle approuvé à mettre en œuvre. Un bref compte rendu des facteurs qui ont guidé la formation intégrée au Cocap est également inclus, ainsi que quelques conceptions sur l'intégration et le programme de formation. Nous espérons que votre lecture clarifiera et motivera les candidats à inclure dans ses choix des séminaires concernant la psychanalyse des enfants et des adolescents, puisque l'étude de l'enfance et de l'adolescence fait partie de l'éducation psychanalytique, même si nous ne travaillons pas directement avec ce groupe, élargissant l'écoute de l'infans chez le adulte.

"Are we dead?": time in H. D.'s dialogue with Freud.

This paper presents H. D.'s dialogue with Freud on the theme of time and timelessness. Freud presented a conception of time that varied in accordance with the various levels of consciousness. But while linear time is presented in Freud's writing as an essential part of development and mourning, timelessness has not been fully developed as such. A discussion of Freud's conception of time is followed by a reading of H. D.'s memoir Tribute to Freud. H. D. offers a series of reminiscences of different periods in her life, with an emphasis on her analysis and on Freud. The reading of the memoir presents an intense and stimulating narrative of the encounter with Freud at the time of analysis and in après-coup. This translation revolves around timelessness as a path into a realm of imagination and fantasy, not sufficiently acknowledged by Freud as such, yet crucial to H. D.'s quest for an innovative poetic voice. The significance and elusiveness of timelessness is discussed using ideas from André Green and Walter Benjamin.